Airline Foreign Exchange Risks Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1980 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Airline carriers sell tickets in many part of the world, and each country has different policies that govern their currencies. Countries such as the Great Britain uses Pounds sterling (BGP), Japan with Yen, and United of America with Dollar and some parts in EU uses Euros. Basically airlines around the globe fly to different parts of the world, and majority of these airlines have offices around the globe which incur operating expenses in the currencies of the countries they operate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Airline Foreign Exchange Risks Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Exchange rate has become a big threat to the airline industry. The turbulence of an exchange rate makes it impossible for airlines to match in transaction and timing of foreign currency expenses. The airlines around the globe have a huge task of managing revenues,assets, capital investments and liablities in the local and foreign currencies. More often than not airlines minimise the risk of exposure to large currencies. Allthough fluctuation of foreign exchange happens because of supply and demand for currencies in the airline industry, airlines must ensure that foreign exchange exposure is limited, or they face financial contrain at the end of the financial year. There are different possibilities in dealing with foreign currency exposure. Either the airlines do nothing but depend on the spot market, or hedge the risk by having a negative by buying a forward. Spot market can be difine as a market in which currencies are sold for cash and immediately transfered to the airline s. Spot can help the airlines operate whenever an infrastructure exists for conducting transactions. Aim and Objectives The aim of the project is to explore the relevance of airline foreign exchange risk and identify other present factors, such as currency and hedging which could affect the airline industry. The objectives below would attain the aim of the project. They are: To evaluate the foreign exchange risk in the airline industry To define how the currency issue is changing the airlines Review the result against the finding of other research Evaluate how hedging on fuel has greater profit than airline purchasing fuel at current market prices. Literature Review The following literature review will examine the research project topic. The literature will be examined and reviewed critically. Literature review is an analysis of previous works relating to the subject being examined. Hart considers a review to be important as it would provide an understanding of your topic, of what has already been done on it, how it has been researched, and what the key issues are. (Bell 2005). According to a case study by Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 3M uses operational methods for managing the foreign-exchange risk to which its overseas operations are exposed.   In its annual report, 3M states its policy towards foreign-currency translation:   local currencies generally are considered the functional currencies outside [domestic operations], and therefore 3M implements a current-rate method of translation in its accounting practices (Daniels, et al, 728).  [1] The subsequent literature review will examine the literature which is for and against the significance of foreign exchange risk policy in decisive currency value in different countries. This review would identify the methods used and characteristics of various airline industries which have been examined with the aim to identify any variation to the theory surrounding foreign exchange risk in the airline industry. The theories will be discussed in the theoretical literature. THEORETICAL LITERATURE There has been research on the effects foreign exchange risk has on the airlines. However these researches were generated from three theoretical literatures which provided explanation of the effects. Hedging reduces the expected cost of financial distress. According to Mayers and Smith (1982), and Smith and Stulz (1985)), Hedging may also be motivated by tax incentives. They explain that when firms face a convex tax function, hedging should help reduce the expected taxes. However, Leland (1998)  [2]  explained that Hedging can also increase the debt capacity, therefore realising greater tax advantages from greater leverage. Many researchers are keen to know whether the value of hedging increases in the airline industry. According to the Financial Management (Financial Management Association, spring 2006 ), David A. Cater, Daniel A. Rogers, and Betty J. Simkins stated in their research that currency had a significant effect on the foreign exchange market. The relationship between foreign currency, hedging and Tobins Q was examined by Allayannis and Weston (2001) and they concluded that hedging is associated with higher firm value. On the other hand, according to Jin and Jorion (2004), there is no relation between hedging and firm value for oil and gas procedures. Pulvino (1998, 1999) also found that distressed airlines are forced to sell aircraft at below-market prices. It is also noted that (Froot et al. 1993), that firms facing significant expected distress costs will choose to under invest. Based on the theories it is evident that as the currency in different countries changes, it increases the expenses of the airlines and it would also increase as long as there is no equivalent decrease in the growth rate. For example, Laker Airways, one of the British airline in the 1980s, the airline borrowed huge amount of dollars to purchase new aircrafts, the airline eventually purchased in fixed payment dollars, unfortunately for the airline they rece ived more than half of the airlines revenue in Pound sterling. This led the airline to bankruptcy. This illustrates how serious currency risk can easily affects the airline industry unaware. However, a rise in the payout ratio of an airline would decrease the amount of money available to be reinvested in the company to yield more profits. Therefore, the growth rate would fall. It can be concluded that an increase in dividend could have two opposing effects if the earnings of the airline has not increased inline. The expected present and future foreign exchange risk in the aviation industry also provides a signalling effect and could affect the value of the airline capital. For example, the way an airline collects its revenue is different to most other business transactions. According to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) An airline is constantly exposed to transactions in different currencies that are different from the airlines home currency. Airlines usually capture currency of collection while processing tickets in its revenue accounting system and they will be used to determine foreign currency component and multi-currency mix of sales for every route group operated by the airlines  [3] According to the case study of Froot, Scharfstein, and Stein (1993) explained we are the first to find empirical evidence pointing to the source of value from hedging operations. We find that the airline industry exhibits two characteristics consistent with the general assumptions the airline industrys history of investment spending is not negatively correlated with jet fuel costs, as one might expect. In fact, the relation between these two variables is largely positive. Second, airlines face significant distress costs  [4]  . A typical example is the finding of Pulvino (1998, 1999) which shows that distressed airlines are forced to sell aircraft at below-market prices. Additionally, firms facing significant expected distress costs will choo se to under invest. (Froot et al. 1993) METHODOLOGY Methodology refers to the philosophical basis on which the research is founded and the technique used to collect the data is the method. (White 2005) The methodology adopted in this thesis is the analysis of secondary data with the aim of establishing whether any of the theories relating to the effect of currency will be present in airline foreign exchange risk. Secondary data as described by Saunders. M (2007) is used to illustrate descriptive and explanatory research and may contain raw data which has little or no processing or complied data that have received some form of selection or summarising The secondary data for this thesis will be drawn from different airlines around the world and how they manage risk will be examined. A hypothesis question will be drawn from the information. The information will be analysed using different airline strategies to help identify a correlation between the two variables. An example of the hypothesis question is illustrated below: H1: Foreign exchange risk has a significant effect on the airline industry VS H2: Foreign exchange risk does not have a significant effect on the airline industry. As there are limitations to the data available a cross section of hypothesis will be carried out. Example, airline foreign exchange against or actual currency market share prices. The analysis of the information will aid in achieving the objectives of the thesis. RESEARCH QUESTION The project is important as it aims to identify the relevance of airline hedging strategies in an up-and-coming market where mainstream of the airlines choose to hedge fuel for a set amount of time with no instants outflow of cash. The proposed study would be concerning with the following questions: How does a multi currency affect the airline industry? Does aircraft cost affect airlines foreign exchange? How can airlines win through the turbulence of foreign exchange? DESCRIPTION OF DATA ANALYSIS Interviews will be transcribed by listening to the audiotape while reviewing the transcript word by word. During this process, all personal identifiers will be removed and a subject/interview code will be assigned to protect confidentiality. The researcher will code the content to look for common responses, ideas and feelings expressed in the interviews. A second and third person will also analyse the tapes and their transcripts in order to check for any coding carried out and subjective biases in analyses. In the data analysis below, pseudonyms will be used to protect respondents identities (Bowling, 1997). After collecting, collating, analysing and interpreting the data, the findings of the study will be presented. The findings of this study will be presented in a narrative manner by analysing the data under each question ETHICAL ISSUES Even though as a member of staff of an aviation company where the study was to be conducted, I have to be mindful of ethical considerations. One of my concerns is that of informant consent. As Grieg and Taylor 1999) suggested that in words they would understand, ensure that the subjects/ sample know what they are doing and enlighten the sample on the research and my role as a researcher and there in the matter. I will be sure to highlight that they are free to withdraw at anytime without any detriment. Furthermore, it will be made known to the sample what will be done with the data and who hear it. Another ethical concern is that of access to setting. According to Cohen and Manion (1994), permission must be seek from first the anonymous responsible for the sample and, then the sample. Therefore, I will seek permission from the head of the department for permission to use the company lounge and the members. I will provide to provide an informed letter from the university and also personally acquaint the year tutor with the proposed topic and procedure. In most research, samples are preferred to be anonymous. Therefore consent for confidentially and privacy would be maintained. Real names will not appear in report /write up and other identifying information will not appear. Cooperation shall be a priority and do not take advantage of the power relations between employers and the staffs. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Time constraints of the semester and job call for less time than maybe sufficient for an aviation study. By being in an aviation company for only seven months, there are hurdles. The companys culture and leadership practice pose limitation for vital information that could help the study. The terms and condition of the company led to screening of some information gathered during the interview. The reason for this action was to protect the companys brand and position in the aviation industry. REFRENCE https://207.36.165.114/NewOrleans/Papers/4401786.pdf lhttps://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4130/is_1_35/ai_n26898315/ https://www.afajof.org/pdfs/2004program/UPDF/P330_Corporation_Finance.pdf Goldberg, Laura. Hedging Your Jets. Houston Chronicle 5 Jan. 2001. Factiva. 10 Nov. 2004 https://www.afajof.org/pdfs/2004program/UPDF/P330_Corporation_Finance.pdf https://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-147058051/does-hedging-affect-firm.html

The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - 1581 Words

Governments should be held responsible for dealing with environmental hazards resulting from previous resource use and environmental standards that are no longer acceptable today. Through the instances of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, the Kuwait Oil Fires, the Hurricane Katrina devastation and the Sydney Tar Ponds, this paper will develop an argument supporting the idea that governments should be given the responsibility to handle environmental hazards that result from the prior use of resources as well as environmental regulations that are no longer up to standard. Arguments/Examples I. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill To begin, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill was a man-made environmental disaster that occurred in 1989. On March 24, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Bligh Reef and spilled 260,000 barrels of crude oil into the waters of Prince William Sound in Alaska (Piatt, Lensick, Butler, Kendziorek Nysewander, 1990). Eventually, this oil spread across 30,000 km ² of water, damaging ecosystems and marine life along the way (Piatt, 1990). Evidently, this oil spill is considered to be one of the most destructive man-made environmental disasters in history (Dimdam, 2013). Initial government response to the disaster proved challenging due to the remote location of Prince William Sound. As a result, this led to a slow and inadequate clean up of oil in the Alaskan waters. The oil clean up took approximately four years, until the clean up efforts were eventually called off by theShow MoreRelatedThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe Exxon Valdez A corporation has a moral duty to ensure that their products and operations do not cause harm to society and the environment. There are significant factors that must be taken into consideration to ensure the proper response is put forth if disaster rears its ugly head. Many times, when disaster strikes, companies do not always make the appropriate response, or they do not remediate the problem efficiently enough to maximize their efforts. The Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 is aRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1090 Words   |  5 PagesThis presentation features the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which significantly affected the environment in and around Valdez, Alaska. In this connection, Group D will explore: the background information of Prince William Sound, the oil business in Valdez and the event of the oil spill. Next, the team defines the problems – that is, the effects of the spill – what damage did it cause. After, we will diagnose the issues – meaning that the group intends to pinpoint the root causes of the problems. The nextRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe Exxon Valdez oil spill was the largest oil spill in U.S history. It was a catastrophic disaster that the U.S swore to learn from. Twenty two years later as the prevention procedures became complacent, the Deepwater Horizon explosion made us re-examine our procedures as a nation. The Deepwater Horizon explosion is now the second worst oil spill in the world following the Gulf War Oil Spill in Kuwait in 1991. The U.S used similar techniques to clean the water as the Exxon Valdez clean up, howeverRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1150 Words   |  5 PagesThe Exxon-Valdez oil spill occurred on March 24, 1989, when the tanker Exxon Valdez, transporting oil from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on the Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The root cause of the accident was the captain. After passing through Valdez Narrows , pilot Murphy left the vessel and Captain Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse. It was Captain Hazelwood who made the decision to steer the ship off its normal path in order to avoid a run in with ice. ForRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1999 Words   |  8 PagesPart 1 – Briefly describe the Exxon Valdez oil spill: On March 24th 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in Prince William Sound Alaska, spilling roughly 10.8 gallons of crude oil polluting over a thousand miles of Alaska’s coast (Gerken, 2014). At its time, it was the worst oil spill in history, lasting for several days. It was caused by the negligence of the captain who was reportedly intoxicated at the time. The oil was very quickly dispersed over a wide area of land because of extremeRead More Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pages Exxon Valdez Oil Spill ABSTRACT nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In March of 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. An eighteen foot wide hole was ripped into the hull, and 10.9 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the ocean. In the following weeks, many things transpired. This paper will discuss the cleanup, the damage, and the results of the biggest oil spill in United States history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On March 24, 1989, inRead MoreExxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesExxon Valdez Oil Spill ABSTRACT In March of 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. An eighteen foot wide hole was ripped into the hull, and 10.9 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the ocean. In the following weeks, many things transpired. This paper will discuss the cleanup, the damage, and the results of the biggest oil spill in United States history. On March 24, 1989, in Prince William Sound Alaska, the Exxon Valdez was movingRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez And Bp Oil Spill1309 Words   |  6 PagesPitchon 12/11/12 References Gill, Duane A., J. Steven Picou, and Liesel A. Ritchie. The Exxon Valdez and BP oil spills: a Comparison of Initial Social and Psychological Impacts. American Behavioral Scientist (2011): 3-23. This article was concerned in identifying psychological impact of disasters. The article analyzed the psychological effects of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and the 2010 BP oil spill. The article discussed how years after these disasters the environment and the people feltRead MoreAnalysis of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesMahalia Gauld January 18, 2011 MGMT 2850 Case Study #1- Exxon Valdez Situation in Brief: On March 24, 1989, an Exxon supertanker spilled 11 million gallons of oil while traveling through the pristine waters of Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The consequences of this spill were detrimental and continue to affect life today. The oil spill killed thousands of wildlife, extensively damaged a portion of the beautiful Alaskan environment, and eventually affected the economy to global proportionsRead More Business Ethics and the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay3442 Words   |  14 Pagesunderstand the difference between right and wrong. Since businesses touch such a large segment of our society, codes of ethics must be established and followed to protect the general public. In the following pages we will discuss the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster and examine how it relates to (1) the state of business ethics since 2000, (2) examples of the classic schools of ethics - golden rule, golden mean, utilitarianism, and categorical imperative, (3) three challenges journa list face

Measuring and Representing Knowledge Economy †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Measuring and Representing Knowledge Economy. Answer: Introduction: This report has been prepared to investigate the numbers of the Violet Chans consultancy Pty ltd. Before preparing this report, the activities and transaction of the company has been evaluated and for that preparation of journal entries, ledger account, trail balance, profit and loss account, balance sheet and calculation of ratio analysis has been done. This report depict that the performance of the company is not impressive and the company is required to manage and maintain various expenses and required to make change into the assets management, equity and debt level to enhance the profitability, liquidity and debt position of the company. In this report, the comparative study has also been done to found and analyze the changes into financial performance of the company from last year. According to the last years balance sheet of the company, it has been analyzed that the performance of the company was bit better than current year as the company was able to make at least the profit. But according to the current situation of the company, the company has faced the situation of net loss. The current scenario of capital structure and the debt equity, debt assets and equity ratio was almost similar as last year (Assessment, 2013). No extra changes have been done by the company to manage and change the level of the company, according to the performance of the company, it has been analyzed that the company is required to make various changes into its activities and performance to manage the profits. Owner is investing various capitals into the company but this amount is not used by the company in a proper manner and that is why the excess problems are faced by the company. Further, the level of the total assets, debt and equity has been analyzed and it has been found that the level of total assets has been enhanced whereas the level of debt has been reduced and the level of total equity of the company has also been enhanced from financial year 2015 in financial year 2016. The average performance of the company expresses that the company has not managed a good level of equity (Whittington, 2008). The company is suggested to reduce the level of total assets to maintain the business in a good manner. Transaction in the company: Various transaction of the company has been studied in the month of June. The main transaction was contributing more money into the account which was not required by the company. The owner has contributed $ 17,000 more into the capital of the company. Further, a new computer has also been bought by the company on credit and the payment has not been made by the company (Lee, 2006). Company has paid various monthly expenses in cash such as salary, wages, rent, advertisement, telephone bill etc. Company has bought furniture on credit basis and later on the entire amount has been paid by the company to its creditors. Company has also depreciated the old and new furniture and the old and new computer according to the SLM depreciation management (assumption). Thus through these analysis, it has been found that the company has not made any special transaction to manage the level of equity, assets, debt of the company. And company has also not made any extra effort to enhance the revenue of the company, only $ 200 has been spent by the company on advertisement. According to the evaluation of all of these, it has been found that the average performance of the company expresses that the company has not managed a good level of equity (Glasson, Therivel Chadwick, 2013). The company is suggested to reduce the level of total assets to maintain the business in a good manner. Ratio analysis study has been performed over the Violet Chans consultancy Pty ltd. The study of ratio analysis of the company depict that the return on assets of the company is -2.29% which depict that the performance of the company is not well and the company is facing various losses in the market (Dye Sunder, 2001). Through this analysis, it has been found that the net profit of the company is $ -1146 and the total assets of the company is $ 50,054. Further, it has been investigated that the current ratio of the company is 9.72:1 which depict that the current assets of the company is 9.72 times more than the current liabilities of the company. The current ratio of the company depict that the liquidity position of the company has been worst and it express that the company is required to reduce the level of current assets of the company to manage the liquidity position of the company. The current assets of the company are $ 40,854 and the current liabilities of the company are $ 4,200 which express that the company must reduce the level of the current assets of the company (Laux Leuz, 2009). Further, the assets turnover ratio of the company has been analyzed and it has been found that the ratio of the company is 0.1208 which express that the total sales are 0.12 times of the total assets of the company. The total sales of the company are $ 6,050 and the total assets of the company are $ 50,054. According to this analysis, it is suggested top the company to reduce the level of current assets. Company is not required to manage and maintain this much of assets as the less level of total assets would also be sufficient for the company and the current level would enhance the cost of the company only (Whittington, 2008). More, the debt to equity ratio of the company has been analyzed. Through this ratio, it has been found that the debt- equity relation of the company is 0.0915:1 which express that the debt of the company is 0.09 times of the total equity of the company. The total debt of the company is $4,200 whereas the total equity of the company is $ 45,854 which express that the capital structure of the company is not at all good (Daly Farley, 2011). Company is required to reduce the level of equity which could be done through withdrawing the amount from the capital account of the company to maintain an optimal capital structure on the company .( Schroeder, Clark Cathey, 2001) More, the debt to assets ratio of the company has been analyzed. Through this ratio, it has been found that the debt- asset relation of the company is 0.083:1 which express that the debt of the company is 0.08 times of the total assets of the company. The total debt of the company is $4,200 whereas the total assets of the company are $ 50,054 which express that the company has not managed a good level of debt and equity (Arewa, 2006). The company is suggested to reduce the level of total assets to maintain the business in a good manner. More, the equity to assets ratio of the company has been analyzed. Through this ratio, it has been found that the equity- asset relation of the company is 0.92:1 which express that the equity of the company is 0.92 times of the total assets of the company. The total equity of the company is $45,854 whereas the total assets of the company are $ 50,054 which express that the company has not managed a good level of equity. The company is suggested to reduce the level of total assets to maintain the business in a good manner. Conclusion: Through this report, calculation of ratio analysis, preparation of journal entries, ledger account, trail balance, profit and loss account, balance sheet etc, it has been analyzed that the company is required to manage the level of the assets management and equity to maintain the business in a good manner. The company is suggested to look over the activities and transaction of competitive business and make a good decision accordingly. Through this case study, it has been found that this company is not able to manage the capital structure in a good manner and the turnover of the company is also not good. The comparative study of financial year 2015 and financial year 2016 depict that any extra efforts have not been made by the company to manage the performance and profitability position of the company. So the company is suggested to enhance the expenditure on advertisement and promotion and reduce the level of total assets and total equity. References: Arewa, O.B., (2006). Measuring representing the knowledge economy: accounting for economic reality under the intangibles paradigm.Buff. L. Rev.,54, p.1. Assessment, W.S.B.P., (2013). Conceptual Framework. Daly, H. E., Farley, J., (2011). Ecological economics: principles applications. Islpress. Dye, R.A. Sunder, S.,(2001). Why not allow FASB IASB standards to compete in the US?.Accounting horizons,15(3), pp.257-271. Glasson, J., Therivel, R., Chadwick, A., (2013). Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. Laux, C. Leuz, C., (2009). The crisis of fair-value accounting: Making sense of the recent debate.Accounting, organizations society,34(6), pp.826-834. Lee, T.A., (2006). The FASB accounting for economic reality.Accounting the Public Interest,6(1), pp.1-21. Schroeder, R.G., Clark, M.W. Cathey, J.M., (2001). Accounting theory analysis.Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina. Whittington, G., (2008) (B). Fair value the IASB/FASB conceptual framework project: an alternative view.Abacus,44(2), pp.139-168. Whittington, G., (2008). Fair value the IASB/FASB conceptual framework project: an alternative view.Abacus,44(2), pp.139-168.

Piaget Theory Of Cognitive Developement Essays - Child Development

Piaget Theory Of Cognitive Developement There are two classical theories of cognitive development. The one that I will focus on is Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget, a Swiss, educated, mollusk biologist lived from 1896 to 1980. He hypothesized that learning is a physical, biological function of dealing with successfully with the environment. (Phillips, 1998) This is the basis for his theory. Looking at Piaget's theory of cognitive development in more detail we find that he based it on two biological tendencies. The two tendencies are organization, and adaption. Organization as Piaget saw it said that humans are designed to organize their observations and experiences into coherent sets of meanings. ( Eggen, 1999) This organization of observation makes the thinking process more efficient. If a person can put the things they observe in some sort of order the easier it is to remember and apply their observations. If we did not organize our observations and experiences we would have little bits of information floating around in our brains with no connection between them. Adaption is according to Piaget's theory is the tendency to adjust to the environment. Adaption is a process by which we create matches between our original observations and new ones that might not exactly fit together. Our original observations and conceptions are called our schemas. To adapt to new observations and experiences into our schemas we use one of two techniques. We can assimilate that information by putting it together with old schemas or conceptions. If the observations don't fit nicely into our existing schemas we use the second of the adaption techniques. We accommodate or change our schema to fit our observation. Piaget never said that our schemas had to be right or wrong. Our schemas are based on our own observations and experiences. ( Eggen, 1999) We adapt to things because we are driven by the urge to have things ?fit together? or to be in what Piaget calls equilibrium. As we use our adaption and organization we constantly get things to fit together. There is other biological functions that also help in cognitive development. Normal growth of a person helps a person to adapt and perceive things better. Social interaction is also a biotic factor in cognitive development. Humans use other humans to check their own schemas with others. We learn to use others thought relationships to help them fit their schemas together better. Piaget used the two biological tendencies and other biological functions of humans to come up with four stages of cognitive development .( Eggen, 1999) Piaget said that each developing human must go through each stage in order. The first stage is the sensory-motor stage. The approximate age of the humans in this stage is birth to 2 years. Piaget says that children learn through manipulating concrete materials. Half-way through this stage the child has the ability to know that when an object leaves their view they don't cease to exist they still are part of the physical world. This is the concept of object permanence. It also allows the child to hold a concept in their mind. The Second stage of Piaget's cognitive development is the pre-operational stage. This stage occurs from 2 - 7 years of age and in it children master many symbols and concrete concepts. In this stage the child is also very egocentric. They have a hard time looking at more than one characteristic of the object their experiencing. In the third stage called the concrete-operational stage, children age 7- 11 start to think logically, learn about the law of conservation, and serial ordering. Conservation is the concept that matter is always the same despite the change in shape of an object. Serial ordering is being able to recognize that things can be put in order. The forth and final stage is the formal-operational stage. From age 12 to adult, learners are able to think abstractly about real objects. They also use reasoning and logic to think abstractly about those objects. In this highest of the stage of development learners start to use complex language forms such as metaphors and the like. There are some weak points of Piaget's theory. The first is that Piaget underestimated children's capabilities. Most children mover through the first two stages much faster than Piaget said they would. On the other hand the last two stages Piaget overestimated the abilities of humans to master the stage. We must realize that because of

Help Other essays

Help Other essays I in my oppions Larry Smith is a hero to me. I picked him to interview because he was the first person to give the confidence to do well in school. Before the ninth grade I received straight Ds on my report card. Then my dad sent me to him so he could touter me. The first thing he sad to me is, You can do well in school, you might not believe it now but you can do well in school.. At first, I didnt think that one man could all of the sudden turn somebody from a GPA of a 1.0 to someone with a GPA of a 2.9. After seeing Mr. Smith everyday after school turned my academic GPA around and because of this I was able to be a MAC scholar. Mr. Smith is my hero and role model because he was the first person to put confidence in me to do well in not only in school but in everything and thats why I choose him to interview. Larry Smith is an instructor that is able to give instruction on college level chemistry, physics, physical science, High School math, and computer programming. Also he is a volunteer in tutoring for primary grade students lacking in English language and math skills and adult male role models. The reason why Mr. Smith began to torture was because its something he could relate to he said. When he was a little boy he lived in Alabama until he was nine when he moved to Cleveland. Before he moved to Cleveland he was told to work out in the fields and to pick cotton. Then when he moved here he got a wake up call. The school board put him in the third grade even though he was illiterate. After spending some time in the third grade he ended dropping down to the first grade, where his teacher found out that he couldnt read so she taught him. He said that he will never forget that. Then ever since then he was always into sharing information with people. Larry Smith started his ...

A Brief History of Steamboats

A Brief History of Steamboats The era of the steamboat began in the late 1700s, thanks initially to the work of Scotsman James Watt. In 1769, Watt patented an improved version of the steam engine that helped usher in the Industrial Revolution and spurred  other inventors to explore how steam technology could be used to propel ships. Watts pioneering efforts would eventually revolutionize transportation. The First Steamboats John Fitch was the first to build a steamboat in the United States. His initial 45-foot craft successfully navigated the Delaware River on August 22, 1787. Fitch later built a larger vessel to carry passengers and freight between Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey. After a contentious battle with rival inventor James Rumsey over similar steamboat designs, Fitch was ultimately granted his first United States patent for a steamboat on August 26, 1791. He was not, however, awarded a monopoly, leaving the field open for Rumsey and other competitive inventors. Between 1785 and 1796, Fitch constructed four different steamboats that successfully plied rivers and lakes to demonstrate the feasibility of steam power for water locomotion. His models utilized various combinations of propulsive force, including ranked paddles (patterned after Indian war canoes), paddle wheels, and screw propellers. While his boats were mechanically successful, Fitch failed to pay sufficient attention to construction and operating costs. After losing investors to other inventors, he was unable to stay afloat financially.   Robert Fulton,  the Father of Steam Navigation   Before turning his talents to the steamboat, American inventor Robert Fulton had successfully built and operated a submarine in France but it was his talent for turning steamboats into a commercially viable mode of transportation that earned him the title of the father of steam navigation. Fulton was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, on November 14, 1765. While his early education was limited, he displayed considerable artistic talent and inventiveness. At the age of 17, he moved to Philadelphia, where he established himself as a painter. Advised to go abroad due to ill health, in 1786, Fulton moved to London. Eventually, his lifelong interest in scientific and engineering developments, especially in the application of steam engines, supplanted his interest in art.   As he applied himself to his new vocation, Fulton secured English patents for machines with a wide variety of functions and applications. He also began to show a marked interested in the construction and efficiency of canal systems. By 1797, growing European conflicts led Fulton to begin work on weapons against piracy, including submarines, mines, and torpedoes. Soon after, Fulton moved to France, where he took up work on canal systems. In 1800, he built a successful diving boat which he named the Nautilus but there was not sufficient interest, either in France or England, to induce Fulton to pursue any further submarine design.   Fultons passion for steamboats remained undiminished, however. In 1802, he contracted with Robert Livingston to construct a steamboat for use on the Hudson River. Over the next four years, after building prototypes in Europe, Fulton returned to New York in 1806. Robert Fultons Milestones On August 17, 1807, the Clermont, Robert Fultons first American steamboat, left New York City for Albany, serving as the inaugural commercial steamboat service in the world. The ship traveled from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip that took 32 hours at an average speed of about five miles per hour. Four years later, Fulton and Livingston designed the New Orleans and put it into service as a passenger and freight boat with a route along the lower Mississippi River. By 1814, Fulton, together with Robert Livingston’s brother, Edward, was offering regular steamboat and freight service between New Orleans, Louisiana, and Natchez, Mississippi. Their boats traveled at rates of eight miles per hour downstream and three miles per hour upstream. Steamboats Rise Cant Compete with Rail In 1816, when inventor Henry Miller Shreve launched his steamboat, Washington, it could complete the voyage from New Orleans to Louisville, Kentucky in 25 days. But steamboat designs continued to improve, and by 1853, the New Orleans to Louisville trip took only four and a half days. Steamboats contributed greatly to the economy throughout the eastern part of the United States as a means of transporting agricultural and industrial supplies. Between 1814 and 1834, New Orleans steamboat arrivals increased from 20 to 1,200 each year. These boats transported passengers, as well as cargoes of cotton, sugar, and other goods. Steam propulsion and railroads developed separately but it was not until railroads adopted steam technology that rail truly began to flourish. Rail transport was faster and not as hampered by weather conditions as water transport, nor was it dependent on the geographical constraints of predetermined waterways. By the 1870s, railroads- which could travel not only north and south but east, west, and points in between- had begun to supplant steamboats as the major transporter of both goods and passengers in the United States.

Recognition (Human Resource Management) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Recognition (Human Resource Management) - Essay Example The performance records bear numerical records that are used for ranking employees according to their productivity. Recognition usually comes in forms of financial rewards in addition to certificates and trophies bearing the winning employees’ names (Bradler 29). This form of recognition is beneficial because it rewards employees proportionate to their performance, which is the greatest motivator for encouraging determination and quality productivity among employees. I am one of the employees receiving recognition every year. I have received financial rewards and trophies for three consecutive years. I have also been named an employer of the year once since I joined the company. I believe that this kind of recognition is part of our normal performance appraisal. This is because my employer has been greatly interested in recognizing us. Additionally, the employer has enacted policies concerning employee recognition in terms of financial rewards, certificates and trophies. Therefore, the recognition I receive is included in the normal performance

Theory and Practice of Group Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Theory and Practice of Group Counseling - Essay Example By using theories, we attempt to explain, predict, and master. Generalizations and models come from the observations and this comprises of theories. (Theory, 2008.) Throughout the years, literature and studies regarding the disadvantages and manifestations of the group mind are consistent. Studies reveal that the descriptions and estimates of the group mind are undisputed. However, other areas of the group mind must be examined. Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1951, page 32) reports, "There is no doubt that all the phenomena of the group mind which have just been mentioned have been correctly observed, but it is also possible to distinguish other manifestations of the group formation, which operate in a precisely opposite sense, and from which a much higher opinion of the group mind must necessarily follow." What has not been agreed upon is a question that still remains unanswered and according to Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego that concern is, "...how much the individual thinker or writer owes to the stimulation of the group in which he lives, or whether he does more than perfect a mental work in which the others ha ve had a simultaneous share." This book also refers to McDougall, author of The Group Mind. ... McDougall states, "On the whole, therefore, it is not so remarkable that we should see an individual in a group doing or approving things which he would have avoided in the normal conditions of life; and in this way we may even hope to clear up a little of the mystery which is so often covered by the enigmatic word 'suggestion'". (Page 23.) His theory is that the most crucial part in a group is the "exaltation or intensification of emotion" produced in every member of (the group)". (Page 24.) The group gives the individual a sense of unlimited power and replaces the human society, thus the individual will do and approve of things that he/she normally would not do. This theory does, however, state that in a group the minds with lower intelligence bring down the minds of higher intelligence to their level. Lebon states that McDougall's theory goes against a highly organised group's behaviour so he lists five "principal conditions" that must take place in order to raises a group's mental level: 1. There should be some degree of continuity of existence (either material or formal) in the group. 2. In the individual member of the group some definite idea should be formed of the nature, composition, functions and capacities of the group. From this he/she may develop an emotional relation to the group as a whole. 3. The group should be brought into interaction (perhaps in the form of rivalry) with other groups similar to it but differing from it in many respects. 4. The group should possess traditions, customs and habits, and especially such as determine the relations of its members to one another. 5. The group should have a definite structure, expressed in the specialisation

The Evolution of the Banking Industry Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of the Banking Industry Essay At independence, there were only two foreign banks, Barclays and Standard Chartered Banks that were dominant players in the country. Naturally, their operations were structured to support the colonial economy. Research indicates that the Bank of Gold Coast was later split into Ghana Commercial Bank and Bank of Ghana in 1957. In contrast to the existing Foreign Banks GCB was set up to provide banking services to a wider populace of Ghanaians and to support the development agenda of the indigenous government. Research indicates that the National Redemption Council, (military government) as part of its indigenization policy acquired 40% ownership in the two foreign banks but his did not change their business strategy. The main complaint against the foreign banks was that their lending policies were too conservative. During the PNDC era, two foreign banks were licensed that’s BCCI and meridian Biao. The BCCI collapsed in 1991 with a large foreign Exchange liability it could not manage. Meridian Biao almost collapsed in 1995 due to an imprudent foreign exchange exposure to its distressed parent company. After the return of democratic rule in 1992, two Malaysian Banks were licensed. The two were Metropolitan and Allied Bank and International Commercial Bank. Besides, a South African Bank, Stanbic Bank, was also licensed. The collapse of two Ghanaian banks, that’s Bank for Housing and Construction and Co-operative Bank confirmed that the financial sector required effective management of risks. The assurance was however that the new regulatory regime was more effective and so it was unlikely that such bank failure could occur again. Banks with foreign equity participation became stronger and more profitable by the year 1990. Financial experts have argued that the collapse of BCCI and near collapse of Meridian Biao raises question about how well foreign banks are insulated from the difficulties of their parent companies. An IMF study of the banking industry in 2003 stated that Ghana’s market structure was slightly less competitive than that of Nigeria and Kenya. Nigeria is however a huge economy as the economy of Ghana grows at a faster pace, private Foreign Direct Investment facilitated by Nigerian Banks may play a key role if well directed. Indications are that Ghana will become the financial hub of West Africa soon. Due to common historical experiences, Ghana appears to be a natural next step for Nigerian businesses seeking to expand their operations beyond Nigeria. Foreign Banks in Ghana include Barclays Bank, Standard Charted Bank SG-SSB, Ecobank Ghana Limited and UT Bank. Others are International Commercial Bank, Stanbic Bank, Standard Trust Bank, Zenith Bank and the Guaranty Trust Bank. The rest are Intercontinental Bank, Access Bank Ghana and Sahel Sahara Bank.

Meningitis In College Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"She thought it was just the flu. We all did. But she didn’t seem to be getting any better. Her parents made her go see a doctor, which was a good thing. It turns out she didn’t have the flu. It was something much worse. Something more dangerous, something more contagious, something life-threatening, something scary,† said my friend Ashley. I was on the phone with her talking about her roommate at Elizabethtown College. It turns out that her roommate, Jocelyn has been diagnosed with Meningitis. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meningitis is a dangerous infection that can cause the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord to swell. There are two types of Meningitis. The most common type of Meningitis is caused by a virus. Viral Meningitis is a mild form, and can be treated with very little treatment. Bacterial Meningitis, commonly referred to as Meningococcal Meningitis is more serious and can cause more serious effects including permanent damage to your nervous system, and in the most extreme cases, death. Outbreaks of Bacterial Meningitis are common in small communities, most often college campuses. ‘   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College students are at especially high risk to contract Meningitis. Several reasons behind this are the fact that students are participating in the â€Å"college lifestyle.† Recent evidence indicated that college student residing on campus in dormitories or residence halls appear to be at higher risk for meningococcal meningitis than college student...

Morality and Importance of Moral Values

Raising a family in a society that is fast-paced and ever changing can make it confusing to know just which values to teach your children. As a general rule, it’s up to you to teach your children what to believe, and how they should live their lives. But when it comes to teaching and instilling moral values, I’d love to pass on a few values to teach your children from a young age. These are simple and common everyday values that are quickly fading from our younger generation. Read on to discover what they are!1. RESPECTOne of the most important values to teach your children is respect. Having worked in several daycare facilities, I’ve seen children who have no respect for authority at all. It’s exasperating to the teacher, and to the parent when they arrive to pick up their kids. By teaching your kids respect, you are doing the world, yourself, and your child a favor! Life will go much easier for them with a little respect under their hat. If you have got to give a speech on moral values you have to stress the significance of moral values in life and should never ignore them. Here are some things you may use so that you can present this essential subject to your audience.You can say moral values are necessary because the Bible instructs us to be moral. Actually, during history moral values have been the foundation of our education. First of all mom and dad, then school, and finally universities and colleges were instructing us to be kind, honest, sincere, warmhearted, and so on. Religion used to be one of the most effective instruments to instill moral values into people. Religion has been getting rid of its impact in many states around the globe. These days it is still vital to many, but only for a segment of lots of societies. Moral values are still widely used as a debate topic, but regrettably they are often no that significant for a lot of people.The importance of moral values in life is one thing nobody can seriously argue with , despite the fact that today it is a popular practice. Many well known film and popular music superstars, political figures, and other successful people speak about liberal values – freedom of expression, religious beliefs, a hedonistic lifestyle, etc. Their point is that individual freedom is the most significant value to fight for! No person can  make you do what you do not want to do, so you are free to be bad or kind, sincere, or not – it is your individual decision, and everyone have to appreciate it.That is why it's acceptable to abuse alcohol, take drugs, and be impolite, rude or even cruel – if you prefer to act like that, it is your right. Freedom is the only value! Needless to say, liberal values are not that awful. The problem is they in some way destroy the moral foundation of the modern society. When the Bible is no longer the primary instructor of moral behavior, at least, for Christians, there's a risk people will stop thinking about moral valu es as important.This is currently happening in most liberal democratic nations in comparison to traditional Eastern ones, where the religious impact of Islam is still big. We may discuss the political regimes of those states, and the exercise of individual freedom and human rights there, but there’s a thing most people will agree with – they stress the importance of moral values in life; it's the key component of their tradition.Speech on Moral Values and the Importance of Moral Values in Life: Are They truly Important?In your speech on moral values you have to find out the actual importance of moral values in life. In the modern world of income oriented individuals it's hard to stay a moral person; nevertheless it's not extremely hard. Many do. Every single day we hear that a lot of people are murdered by criminals; in a number of states they brazenly shoot and kill rival gangs members on the streets all simply because of money.Cash is the value. Not kindness or princ iples. Not morals. Greed for money is the only driving force of these people! Every single day we see how people tell a lie, do everything possible to have the job they need, even it demands that they do something awful, against the law, or immoral. Young men try to have a girl they wish without any idea about moral values. This ought to help you with materials for your speech on moral values. We realize the significance of moral values in life, don’t we? And right now, after having a short speech on moral values, we're ready to write a moral values essay.Moral Values Essay: Writing TipsWhen writing your moral values essay do not forget to stick to the structure. Your essay should contain an introduction, a body paragraph and a conclusion. Moreover, your moral values essay should present your own point of view on the topic. In fact, you may use the ideas listed above and support them with your additional thoughts. When summarizing your essay, give your readers a clear conclus ion on the importance of moral values in our life.Speech on Moral Values and Moral Values Essay: HelpIf you continue to think your speech on moral values or your moral values essay can not be done without qualified help, or you simply lack the spare time to do it on your own – professional writing company is ready to assist you! We have authors skilled in different disciplines. Furthermore, all of them have a Masters degree or a PhD; so composing an essay or a speech for university won't be a problem for them. It'll be created from scratch in accordance to your recommendations and within your deadline.Besides, you'll also get: Absolutely free on-line 24/7 help. Free of charge proofreading and editing. Free of charge preview of the primary page of your order. The possibility to pick the best writer for your task. You manage the progress of your order, and can easily make corrections. A warranty the work will be plagiarism free. All this is offered at an inexpensive price as we understand students are on restricted budgets.Do not think twice to post your order now and get the finest grades for your written task! We always do our best to please our customers.

Cause and Effects of Cigarettes

Cause and Effect of cigarettes The question is why people smoke cigarettes knowing the dangers that have been proven over the years. Cigarettes are one of the most popular addictions in the world. They may be the most popular addiction drug in the world but it is also the most deadly in it also. Cigarettes are filled with a high quantity of nicotine which is the addicting part of it. For many people, smoking is a reliable lifestyle tool to cope with reality. Although every person's specific reasons to smoke are unique, they all share a common theme.Smoking is used as a way to suppress uncomfortable feelings, and smoking is used to relive stress, calm nerves, and relax. No wonder when you are deprived of smoking, your mind and body are unsettled for a little while. Here are a few examples of ways people use smoking for relief. oCoping with anger, stress, anxiety, tiredness, or sadness oSmoking is pleasant and relaxing oSmoking is stimulating oAcceptance – being part of a group oAs a way to socialize oProvides support when things go wrong oA way to look confident and in control oKeeps weight downSmoking is also a way to avoid feeling emotions such as sadness, grief, and anxiety. When smoking, the release of brain chemicals makes smokers feel like they are coping and dealing with life and stressful emotional situations. Nicotine brings up a level of good feelings. Cigarette smokers are aware when nicotine levels and good feelings begin to decrease, and light up quickly enough to stay in their personal comfort zone. However, they may not realize that avoiding their feelings is not the same as taking positive steps to create a life of greater potential and meaning.Smokers often say that lighting up a cigarette can calm their nerves, satisfy their cravings, and help them feel energized. Smoking acts as a drug, inducing a feeling of well-being with each puff. But, it's a phony sense of well-being that never produces a permanent satisfying or fulfilling result. Smoking lures you into believing that you can escape some underlying truth or reality. However, smoking doesn't allow you to actually transform your day-to-day life and live connected to your deeper hopes and dreams.Those were all reasons why smokers smoke with the risk and now here are some dangers of smoking. Smoking is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. About 420,000 estimated to die each year as a result of smoking cigarettes. Individuals who smoke are likely to develop disease more opposed to non-smokers. There’s also a risk if you combine cigarette smoking with alcohol use. Smokers experience symptoms while smoking such as, persistent coughing, chest pain, and loss of breath. The fear of dying is what leads a lot of people to stop smoking cigarettes.It takes 2 of 3 serious efforts before this mission can be accomplished and sometimes may take even longer. It is a slow process, which requires hard work and dedication. When the person finally hits the actual â€Å"quitting day†, the person stops smoking and it can be called as the ending of the addiction of smoking. The Cause and effect of smoking cigarettes is that people smoke them to relive themselves of all the stress from the day. Also from the problems like weight and family related. The effect of that is smoking leads to cancer, and breathing problems, and all sorts of health issues down the road.

Night Analysis of Dehumanization Essay Example

Night Analysis of Dehumanization Essay Example Night Analysis of Dehumanization Essay Night Analysis of Dehumanization Essay Essay Topic: Bad Boy a Memoir Demutualization in Night Night by Lie Wishes is a memoir that documents the story of a young Jewish boy named Likelier who was born in Sighed, Transylvania during World War II. The story begins in his hometown, where life is normal and calm before the storm. It quickly transitions into Nazi occupation, persecution, segregation in the form of ghettos, and eventually deportation to camps. As the Jewish people arrive at the camp known as Auschwitz, they are separated and many are immediately executed while the rest are sent off to work. The persecution does not simply end at hard work all day for the Jews, and as time goes on things become progressively worse for Likelier. The Nazis rip and tear at the humanity of Likelier throughout the book in an attempt to euthanize him. For most of the Jews in the camp the end is a physical death; however, what Likelier experiences at the end of the book is an internal death of himself. The AS soldiers achieve his internal death through segregation, mental abuse, and physical abuse that is so ingrained in the mind of the Likelier that it becomes a natural part of his existence, an everyday hell. As Haltering states, Night fines the nature and charts the consequences of a loss of faith in the protagonist, Likelier, as incident by incident, layer by layer, his trust in God and man is peeled away. It is this peeling down process which constitutes the essential structure of Night and enables us to see it as a whole (51). What Haltering means is that The Nazis goal is to euthanize Likelier. The Nazi soldiers successfully peel away at Lispers humanity through various forms and methods until Likelier dies on the inside. The first step towards dehumidifying Likelier is separating him from non-Jews. As he Jews are being placed inside the ghettos, Likelier observes, The barbed wire that encircled us like a wall did not fill us with real fear. In fact, we felt this was not a bad thing; we were entirely among ourselves (11). No fear can be seen in Lispers thoughts, although readers know there should be. Likelier is still unsuspecting of what was to come, and that is what allows him to be taken so easily. Had the Nazis taken the Jews all at once, The Jews would have struggled much more, especially if they knew what was coming. The Nazis took things slow so as to avoid an uprising, to maintain control. Later, to further pronounce the separation between the population into Jews and non-Jews, the Nazis force all of the Jews to wear yellow stars on their clothes. About the same time that the Jews are placed in ghettos, with a more nervous tone in his voice, Likelier ominously notes, Three days later, a new decree: every Jew had to wear the yellow star (11). The Nazis want to make it visibly known that the Jews are different. They force the yellow star on them so that anyone could know who was Jewish and who was not. Not only this, but also many decrees are set out that limit what people with the yellow star can do. By limiting Jews, the Nazis enforce a barrier between them and non-Jewish people. However, after all this segregation, and even someone within their community warning them of what to come, the Jews are still denying the inevitable. No one could really imagine, even in those rare cases where individuals came back and insisted that the deported were centers (Friedman 206). It is important to recognize the denial of what is about to happen, because much has yet to happen to the poor Jews of Sighed. For the coming weeks, the Jews would be abused and tortured not only physically, but mentally. To proceed in the demutualization of Likelier, the Nazis torment his mind with disturbing images, and crush his spirit. Fine notes, Once Likelier enters Auschwitz, he loses his sense of time and reality. Darkness envelops him and penetrates within: his spirit shrouded, his God eclipsed, the blackness eternal (49). A man who has no mind to think for himself, and no spirit to fight back is easier to control and abuse. In order for the Nazis to completely euthanize Likelier, they not only have to destroy his mind, they must also destroy his spirits. Just one of the disturbing images is when Likelier witnesses the burning of babies soon after his arrival in Auschwitz: Not far from us, flames, huge flames, were rising from a ditch. Something was being burned there. A truck drew close and unloaded its hold: small children. Babies! Yes, I did see this, with my own eyes Children thrown into the flames (32). Nothing imaginable could possibly be as horrifying as the immolation of infants. This image is such a blow to Lispers mind because it is not only the killing of the innocent; it is there to show Likelier how little life means in Auschwitz. Likelier is led to believe this so they o not value his own life, and therefore will not fight for it; in this way, the Nazis are crushing his spirit as well. While torturing of people he does not know still disturbs Likelier, the physical beating of his only friend in the camp, his father, does more than words or images ever could. Lispers father is beaten, and the fact that Likelier doesnt move to help his father scares him a little. Likelier eerily considers, l stood petrified. What had happened to me? My father had Just been struck, in front of me, and I had not even blinked. I had watched and kept silent (39). Lispers inability to eve demonstrates that the Nazis plan is working. They are successful so far as to even prevent him from standing up for his own father, the only person he knows in the camp. Had the Nazis beat his dad back in Sighed before they really started the torture, Likelier might have fought back, but now submission is the response he has. It scares him. One of the more indirect ways of crushing his spirit and mind was to take away his identity as a person, and give him a number for a name. Likelier depicts the scene with no emotion, and states it as if he does not care: The three veteran rissoles, needles in hand, tattooed numbers on our left arms. I became A-7713. From then on, I had no other name (42). This is the first time Likelier has been given a different name. To assign a number was more damaging because it represents an ordered system of storing things like apples, boxes, or other insignificant items. It puts Likelier in the mindset of not having anything to make him different from any other Jew. He now finds his identity in only numbers and the Nazis definition of a Jew. The torture of mind and loss of identity contribute greatly to his demutualization. After the Nazis have successfully stripped Likelier of his mind, they can truly now attack the only thing left in the process of demutualization, his body. The Nazis see that in order to destroy a mans humanity, they need to destroy the mind, spirit, and then the body. One of the ways they do this is to constantly malnourished Likelier. Bread and Soup became more important than anything because the Nazis starved Likelier. Of soup, my crust of stale bread. The bread, the soup those were my entire life. I was nothing but a body (52). Likelier confirms in the last sentence that the Nazis had tripped him of his mind and spirit that this body is the only thing he has left. The Nazis do not let him keep his body either, they continue to keep him malnourished the rest of his time, and cause many other physical pains over the course of the coming weeks. Aside from starving Likelier, they beat him senselessly on multiple occasions. Likelier remembers, One day when Ides was venting his fury, I happened to cross his path. He threw himself on me like a wild beast, beating me in the chest, on my head, throwing me to the ground and picking me up again, crushing me with ever more violent blows, until I was covered in blood (53). The Nazis have no regard for the body or the pain of Likelier. The Nazis persecute relentlessly, and are able to do so consistently without revolt or opposition. This is the final step in dehumidifying Likelier; after his mind and spirit were depressed to such a point so he would never question or challenge the Nazis, the physical abuse could begin. The Nazis first weaken Lispers body with malnourishment, and then beat him senselessly. As Wishes notes in his preface, Instead of sacrificing my miserable life and rushing to my fathers] side, showing him that he was not abandoned, I remained flat on my back, asking God to make my father stop calling my name, to make him stop crying. So afraid was I to incur the wrath of the AS (Wishes, Preface x). At first it appears as if Likelier cares about his father and does not want him to feel so defeated; however, the last sentence shows that Likelier does so only to get him to stop yelling, to silence his father a little so that the Nazis would not hurt Likelier. A normal person might not care of his or her own safety when a parent is being ordered, and would be there Just for the sake of pure care for his or her father. Instead, Likelier is a person who has lost that sense of care for another human being, and whose only motivation for helping him is so he himself is not beat. It is the Nazis constant threat of physical torture that suppress Likelier. In this way, the Nazis have now controlled the motivations of Likelier with his body. The Nazis not only starve and beat broken bodies, but they work them to the bone. Likelier remarks both on the beatings and the work, There followed terrible days. We received more blows than food. The work was crushing (77). The work now is Just one more thing that the Nazis have at their dispersal. The Nazis are good at pushing many to the point to death, but they are even better at finding out how much a person can take before they die and going a step back from that point to torture them that much longer. A starving body is weak; a broken body is weaker, so pushing them to this point can only be agonizing. After all Likelier experiences, his mind is under control, his spirit is crushed, and now his body has been broken. This total control over his body is crucial to his demutualization, and destruction of his soul. After the destruction of his soul, he is broken on the inside. He has experienced these atrocities, and the only people that he has left to hold him together inside are God and his father. So as to isolate Likelier, the Nazis succeed in killing God and his father. Likelier remarks his distrust in God after seeing the young boy being hanged, My eyes had opened and I was alone, terribly alone in a world without God, without man. Without love or mercy. I was nothing but ashes now, In the midst of these those in prayer like strangers. He does not see them as equals or as believers. He has owe been isolated from God, and in that way, the Nazis have taken away Lispers God, or at least made him question God. They leave him without a higher power or an all present being to rely on. This is especially important to the Nazis goal of total destruction because God is the one being that Likelier can rely when all human presence is gone. This forces him to put all of his faith in the present, in what is happening. The only person that he has left to cling to is his father. The Nazis know that the only way to finally destroy his soul is to strip him of all he loves and knows. He will be an empty body walking if they succeed. Likelier remembers, No prayers were said over his tomb. No candle lit in his memory. His last word had been my name (112). Now his father has been killed, never to be seen again. Likelier is now truly alone in the world, with only his broken body and a number left to him. The Nazis have succeeded in killing him. There is proof that he has died after he has been liberated from the camp. He looks at himself in the mirror, and all he sees is a dead corpse: One day when I was able to get up, I decided to look at myself in the error on the opposite wall. I had not seen myself since the ghetto. From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me. The look in his eyes as he gazed at me has never left me (115). His death cannot be seen, except by him when he looks into the mirror. He still walks and breathes, but the inside is now missing from him. The Nazis succeeded in their ultimate goal of killing his soul while preserving the body that used to hold it. Through segregating him from non-Jews, torturing his mind and spirit, and nearly destroying his body, the Nazis succeed in peeling away his immunity. To be human is to be able to live, laugh, love, think, and be happy. In Auschwitz, the Nazis took away all ability to feel. They desensitizing them to horrific, awful sights that would haunt anyone for years. Likelier experiences the worst of what Auschwitz has to offer the prisoners. Most of the population died a horrible death, and their names were forgotten. However, for Likelier, he experienced an internal death. Night can best be defined as a negative Bloodcurdling [coming of age story], in which the character does not end up, as expected, fit for life in society, but on the monetary, a living dead, unfit for life as defined by his community (Vain 129).

A Basic Guide to the NCAA for Your Children

A Basic Guide to the NCAA for Your Children If youre the parent of a student-athlete, youve probably heard the term NCAA. The NCAA, or National Collegiate Athletic Association, is the governing body that oversees 23 different sports and athletic championships at 1,200 colleges and universities in the United States. It stresses a well-rounded student, who excels at sports, as well as academics and campus life. Recruitment for the NCAA The point at which parents and the NCAA usually intersect is during college recruitment. High school athletes who want to play college ball (or track, swimming, etc.) at Division I, II or III school must register with the NCAA through its online eligibility center. If your child is interested in playing sports at the college level, his counselor and coach can help him navigate that path.   Divisions I, II, and III Schools that are part of the NCAA are divided into Division I, II and III schools. Each of these divisions reflects the relative priority of sports and academics. Division, I schools generally have the largest student bodies, as well as the largest budgets and scholarships for sports. 350 schools are classified as Division I and 6,000 teams belong to those schools. Division II schools strive to provide student-athletes with a high level of athletic competition, while also maintaining high grades and a well-rounded campus experience. Division III schools also provide opportunities for student-athletes to compete and participate athletically, but the primary focus is on academic achievement. This is the largest division in both total participants and number of schools. NCAA Sports By Season Fall Sports The NCAA offers six different sports for the fall season. Arguably, the most popular overall collegiate sport is  football, which takes place during the fall season. Overall, though, the fall season offers the least amount of sports out of the three seasons, as more sports take place during both the winter and spring seasons. The six sports offered by the National College Athletic Association for the fall season are: Mens and womens cross-countryField hockeyFootballMens and womens soccer teamsWomens volleyballMens water polo Winter Sports Winter is the busiest season in college sports. The NCAA offers ten different sports during the winter season: Mens and womens basketball teamsBowlingFencingMens and womens gymnasticsMens and womens ice hockeyMens, womens and mixed rifleMens, womens and mixed skiingMens and womens swimming and divingMens and womens indoor track and fieldWrestling Spring Sports Eight separate sports are offered during the spring season. Out of those eight sports, seven of them are available to both men and women. The spring season offers baseball for men, as well as softball for women. The eight sports offered by the National College Athletic Association for the spring season are: Baseball and softballMens and womens golfMens and womens lacrosseRowingMens and womens tennisMens and womens outdoor track and fieldMens volleyball Womens water polo

Health of Ageing (CASE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health of Ageing (CASE) - Essay Example The intent of these elements is to bring reforms to healthcare industry. The purpose is to make healthcare more effective and adhering to better standard, to improve care transition from hospitals to other facilities (â€Å"CMS†, 2014). Even though the new policies are not aimed at the elderly population but they are the ones that will be significantly affected by it. The Medicare premium is the main element that directly impacts the medical cost of the elderly. The threshold of higher income related Medicare will remain the same till 2019. In my humble opinion the new policies will make healthcare more affordable for the elderly. This is not easy to conclude because the same reforms also take away some benefits that the elderly are already getting. For instance the closure of the Medicare part D regarding the prescription drug program has helped citizen in getting some financial relief (Frank & Newhouse, 2008). But on the contrary, the increased premium amount for the rich makes their life a little less

How has the sociology of education helped you understand gendered Essay

How has the sociology of education helped you understand gendered issues in education - Essay Example Unfortunately, all these social progress appear void when we hear reports of gender bias, and gender discrimination within the educational institutes. The educational institutions and academicians are the beacon of social reforms, the forum and its owners kindle progressive and visionary principles to sustain and developed society. It is discouraging to observe these vocalists of social and human rights, negating these principles in their professional attributes (Praechter, 1998, pp. 178). The article has elaborated the contributing factors which have caused gender split among the young generation. The faculty of the academic institutions are involved in certain measures which provoke differences between males and females; the steps are although deliberate but such offensive measures are so common in our schools that no one bothers to challenge or restrict such offensive statements. The sociologists have complained against the curriculum being taught to the young generations; and alleged that the basic differences between female and male society are exaggerated and highlighted in these schools. Such teachings in later stages develop a sharp edge between the students and professionals from both the genders. It is suspected that educational institutions establish primary differences between masculine and feminine in their teachings, which eventually translate into social inequality (Maher, 2001, pp. 78). It is alleged that "traditional gender ideologies and present changing gender norms affect the way gender is taught through the hidden curriculum found within every classroom today" (Lloyd, 1992, pp. 86). The schools are accused of teaching gender norms, which is source of intensifying the gender inequalities, "education is one of the leading institutions that teaches and bolsters the gender inequalities". The research reveals that the

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 42

Philosophy - Essay Example Rationalism believes that knowledge is innate or inborn while learning results from intuition (Lawhead 15). It supports the Priori knowledge idea that states that knowledge comes before experience. Philosophers that support this argument include Leibniz, Kant and Descartes. Conversely, empiricism states that knowledge comes from experience (Lawhead 56). Empiricism supports the idea of posteriori that means that knowledge is dependent solely on experience. Philosophers including Humes, Locke and Berkeley support this idea (Lawhead 59). According to rationalism, all knowledge is considered to be innate. In other words, we are born with the knowledge to think logically and answer questions. Rationalism tends to be similar to mathematics in so many ways hence requires no knowledge or observation. One of the philosophers that strongly support rationalism is Descartes. He was quite interesting as he employed skepticism to doubt his own knowledge. He doubted everything until he found a single idea that he could not doubt (Lawhead 61). This was his existence. He argued that he could not depend on his senses as there was a demon controlling his thoughts. It can be concluded that Descartes doubted everything but his existence. Being able to think logically and knowing his existence made the argument sound and valid. Rationalism states that all knowledge comes from the mind. It is concerned with absolute truths that are universally accepted. This is known to be one of the strongest points of this argument (Lawhead 67). This approach encourages all individuals to be rational thinkers and think things through before they accept them to be the truth. On the other hand, it is difficult to apply in every situation in life owing to its abstract nature. Moreover, it sidelines intuition and instinct that are forms of knowledge. We must have experienced something to know that it exists. How can we know

Community Capacity Building Strategies | Evaluation

Community Capacity Building Strategies | Evaluation The article outlined below is an evaluation of the success or otherwise of the Community Capacity Building programmes within the United Kingdom. The original purposes of all the Community Capacity Building programmes in Britain was to increase the amount of social housing and also community based facilities actually available for those people that need the most. The Community Capacity Building programmes in Britain are as will be examined intended to maximise the level of local regeneration or renewal through the greater provision of social housing and community facilities without necessarily constructing large numbers of new purpose built buildings. The evaluation will seek to actively examine the examples of good practice as well as the examples of where the Community Capacity Building programmes have either gone wrong completely or have failed to live up to expectations. The Community Capacity Building programmes as will be examined are mainly concentrated in areas with higher num bers of black and ethnic minority community groups such as Birmingham, London, Manchester, and Glasgow. The over all objectives of the Community Capacity Building programmes is to improve the situation in local communities within the rural and urban areas with the greatest need for economic regeneration and renewal to be achieved. It was anticipated that such economic regeneration or renewal would strengthen local communities and thus go on to enhance their social cohesion.[1] The function of the Community Capacity Building programmes was to build up the most economically deprived local communities in a social sense at the same time as regenerating their physical environment by renovating existing buildings and facilities. The New Labour government also regarded the Community Capacity Building programmes as being connected to the other economic and social regeneration as well as renewal schemes that it introduced after coming into office in 1997.[2] It was the New Labour government that brought in the Community Capacity Building programmes throughout the whole of the United Kingdom. The Community Capacity Building programmes were administered differently in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales due to the New Labour government introducing devolution into Scotland and Wales.[3] To a large extent the Community Capacity Building programmes were regarded by the New Labour government as being complimentary to the already existing as well as the proposed regeneration and renewal schemes such as the Regional Development Corporations and the New Deal for Communities projects.[4] Indeed just like the New Deal for Communities projects the Community Capacity Building programmes were set up in such a way as to allow local communities to have a meaningful input into the regeneration and renewal schemes actually carried out.[5] The New Labour government hoped that the involvement of local communities in the decision-making process of the Community Capacity Building programmes would make such local communities feel more attached to those programmes. Due to the Community Capacity Building programmes being targeted towards the fighting of poverty and social exclusion inside the most deprived local communities these programmes have involved a high degree of participation from black and ethnic minority community groups.[6] Despite the Community Capacity Building programmes all having similar organisational frameworks as well as the same over all objectives there have been differences in the effectiveness and also the performance have become apparent. There have been good, indifferent, as well as bad practices can be discerned from those Community Capacity Building programmes which have been implemented in the United Kingdom.[7] There have certainly good practices, which have been followed in the implementation of the most successful of the Community Capacity Building programmes carried out within the United Kingdom. These good practices could also be followed in the Community Capacity Building programmes that have apparently failed or underachieved as well as helping to shape the structure and organisation of future regeneration or renewal programmes.[8] All of the Community Capacity Building programmes aim to increase the amount of social capital available within deprived local communities such as those in Birmingham, London, Manchester, and Glasgow whilst at the same time seeming to offer people better opportunities. The Community Capacity Building programmes are there to provide people in deprived areas the facilities and also the services that helps to improve the over all quality of their lives besides assisting the regeneration and the renewal of their local communities.[9] All of the Community Capacity Building programmes to differing degrees involve voluntary sector organisations as well as local community groups. It can convincingly argued that the Community Capacity Building programmes that have worked the best are the ones that have involved as many voluntary sector organisations and local community groups as possible in deciding the regeneration and renewal schemes that will be carried out. For the Community Capacity Building programmes the difficult part of involving a higher number of voluntary sector organisations and local community groups is that in can complicate the decision-making process, and thus lengthen the total time taken to fully implement the regeneration and renewal projects eventually agreed upon.[10] The ideal good practice for the Community Capacity Building programmes to achieve would be to effectively co-ordinate all the relevant voluntary sector organisations and local community groups in order to ensure the regeneration and the renewal projects are carried out without delay, and that such projects are finished successfully. The organisational key to achieving the intended regeneration and renewal projects is to arguably only to involve the most relevant voluntary sector organisations and local community groups that will have a part to play in ensuring the success of the Community Capacity Building programmes in any nearby areas.[11] Rural areas that have benefited from the introduction of these programmes included Teesdale and East Northamptonshire.[12] When it comes down to the successful completion of any of the Community Capacity Building programmes good practice has demonstrated the value of only involving the most relevant of the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups. These are the organisations and the groups that are needed to start and then finish the chosen regeneration and renewal projects previously agreed to. In the deprived areas of the United Kingdom in which the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups have exactly matching, or in fact similar outlooks it has proved to be easier to agree over the regeneration and renewal projects they wish to implement. There is the regeneration and the renewal projects that will add the most social value to the particular local area, the improvements that they have made possible in the first place. In the deprived areas in which the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups have co-operated in the Community Capacity Building progra mmes it has seemed that success has been most likely.[13] It has been assumed that the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups that are most important are those which represent black and ethnic minority communities and they will automatically not to mention unanimously agree on the regeneration and the renewal projects they need to fully implement. Unanimous or comprehensive support for regeneration and renewal projects will allow the Community Capacity Building programmes that enthusiastic voluntary sector organisations and local community groups are part of to be more successful. It is logical to argue that the Community Capacity Building programmes that have worked the most effectively have been the ones that have managed to gain wide-ranging agreement between the diverse voluntary sector organisations and local community groups involved in the decision-making process.[14] Examples of successful programmes have included Canning Town Outlook as well as the Secret Garden in Highgate Newtown.[15] Perhaps the best way of obtaining good practice in the implementation and also the running of the Community Capacity Building programmes is to adopt several regeneration and renewal projects in order to meet the needs of as many voluntary sector organisations and local community groups as possible. However to maximise the social value achieved due care has to be taken to make sure that only viable regeneration and renewal projects are adopted. It is good practice to select viable regeneration and renewal projects rather than simply choosing to spend scare funds on projects that are realistically un-viable, and will therefore not increase social capital, or indeed increase economic as well as social opportunities. The achievement of good practice is to make sure that the regeneration and also the renewal projects carried out are the best possible use of limited budgets. The voluntary sector organisations and local community groups that are given advise by other organisations, governme nt departments, and also local authorities can also make better decisions than those that are not given sound advise. However not all of the Community Capacity Building programmes have been a success when it comes down to the achievement of their objectives in relation to the full implementation of regeneration and renewal projects. The failure or the underachievement of some of the Community Capacity Building programmes is frequently due to the poor practices relating to the decision-making processes, which mean that the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups do not co-operate with each other effectively. Alternatively the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups that belong to failing Community Capacity Building programmes have contributed to the lack of success by failing to agree to regeneration and renewal projects.[16] The Community Capacity Building programmes across the United Kingdom have not all been able to make the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups enthusiastic about the community engagement required in order to successfully implement the regeneration and renewal projects to which they have agreed to. The voluntary sector organisations and local community groups may find it hard to find enough funds to carry out the regeneration and renewal projects that they want to implement the most to serve the needs of their local communities. The Community Capacity Building programme that has been widely considered to be the least successful was the one that covered the Glasgow area. The Glasgow Community Capacity Building programme was hindered by poor decision-making, as well as poor practices by the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups that belonged to it.[17] The voluntary sector organisations and local community groups that were part of the Glasgow Community Capacity Building programme to a large extent were unable to co-operate effectively with each other. The over all lack of co-operation and co-ordination between the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups belonging to the Glasgow Community Capacity Building programme had a knock on detrimental effect. This effect was noticeable when it came down to the speed and also the stability of decisions made with regard to regeneration and renewal projects. The slow pace of decision-making as well as unsuitable tarnished the reputation of the Glasgow Community Capacity Building programme. The poor reputation of the Glasgow Community Capacity Building programme has in many respects overshadowed the aspects of the regeneration and renewal projects that contributed to the improving the lot of the local communities within the Glasgow area. After all the Glasgow area has the large st concentration of black and ethnic minority communities in the whole of Scotland. Given the size of the black and ethnic minority population that live inside the Glasgow area it is hardly surprising that were difficulties in balancing the diverse interests of the voluntary sector organisations and local community groups within the vicinity.[18] It could be argued in fact that the success or failure of the Community Capacity Building programmes within the United Kingdom is determined by more than just good or bad operating practices within these programmes. The New Labour government although it was keen to establish and promote the Community Capacity Building programmes right across the whole of Britain intended that they would be linked with other bodies and institutions in raising living standards. Various voluntary sector organisations and local community groups ideally co-operate and co-ordinate with each other when part of their respective Community Capacity Building programmes yet they could not be expected to right all the problems of local communities in deprived rural and urban areas throughout the United Kingdom. The Community Capacity Building programmes were meant to complement other programmes or social schemes such New Deal for Communities.[19] Some of the differences in the ways in which the Community Capacity Building programmes operate are due to the introduction of devolved government in Scotland and Wales as much as via good and bad practice.[20] Therefore to summarize the Community Capacity Building programmes have undoubtedly played their part in the improving of the lives of the people that live in the most deprived areas of the United Kingdom. It is noticeable that the most successful Community Capacity Building programmes have allowed voluntary sector organisations and local community groups to co-operate with each other in order to implement regeneration and renewal projects quickly as well as successfully. The involvement of voluntary sector organisations and local community groups has meant that local communities have had a greater influence over the regeneration and renewal projects carried out as part of the Community Capacity Building programmes. The Community Capacity Building programmes are thus a means of allocating extra central government funding into the most deprived areas of the United Kingdom. Although such programmes allow voluntary sector organisations and local community groups to varying degrees of inf luence over subsequent regeneration and renewal projects they do not have enough funds from the central government to end economic and social deprivation overnight. The New Labour government has used other programmes such as the New Deal for Communities as well as the extension of social housing schemes to tackle poverty alongside the lack of affordable housing. The voluntary sector organisations and local community groups that are part of these programmes aware that although there are merits to the scheme there are also limitations to how much can actually be achieved in the most deprived areas of Britain. Bibliography Balloch S and Taylor M, (2001) partnership working: Policy and Practice, Policy press Coxall B, Robins L Leach R (2003) Contemporary British Politics 4th edition, Palgrave, London DEFRA, (2003) Community Capacity Building and Voluntary Sector Infrastructure in Rural England, Crown Copyright. Diamond J and Liddle J, (2005) Management of Regeneration, Routledge Home Office, (2004) Firm Foundations – The Government’s framework for Community Capacity Building, Crown Copyright Dorey P (2005) Developments in British Public Policy, Sage Publications, London Jones B, Kavanagh D, Moran M, Norton P, (2004) Politics UK, 5th edition, Pearson Longman, London Kingdom J (2003) Government and Politics in Britain, An Introduction 3rd edition, Polity Press, Cambridge Moran M, (2005) Politic and Governance in the UK, Palgrave, Basingstoke Rydin Y, (2003) Urban and Environmental Planning in the UK, Palgrave, Basingstoke Seldon A Kavanagh D, (2005) The Blair Effect 2001 – 5, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1 Footnotes [1] Coxall, Robins, and Leach, 2003 p. 380 [2] Moran, 2005 p. 29 [3] Kingdom, 2003 p. 495 [4] Dorey, 2005 p. 25 [5] Seldon Kavanagh, 2005 p. 411 [6] Jones et al, 2004 p. 619 [7] Rydin, 2003 p. 47 [8] Balloch Taylor, 2001 p. 15 [9] Seldon Kavanagh, 2005 p. 315 [10] Jones et al, 2004 p. 619 [11] Home Office, 2004 p. 20 [12] DEFRA, 2003 p. 5 [13] Diamond Liddle, 2005 p.20 [14] Jones et al, 2004 p. 619 [15] Home Office, 2004 pp. 8 10 [16] Jones et al, 2004 p. 619 [17] Seldon Kavanagh, 2005 p. 316 [18] Jones et al, 2004 p. 619 [19] Home Office, 2004 p. 2 [20] Jones et al, 2004 p. 620

Drugs in Our Society Essay -- Drug Drugs Narcotics Essays

Drugs in Our Society With the use of drugs being such a controversial issue in today’s society we felt as a group it was important to further explore this issue. As we possess a high interest in how drugs affect a number of social groups. These groups of course range from young teens to high-class older individuals who will have different reasons and different acceptable standards of behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question that is being explored in our presentation asks what drugs are doing to our society. This means exploring the various groups that use recreational drugs their reasons for this the effects that drug use has and the methods to help prevent and stop use of drugs. By recreational drugs we mean such substances as marijuana and heavier more addictive drugs as heroin and cocaine. For which the use of these has increased throughout society over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recreational drugs are not limited to any particular group in society meaning that a very wide variety of people choose to use these drugs these of course include teenagers, parents, business people and often very dedicated students for a number of reasons. For a long time the common misconception that only youths use drugs and those who do are disrespectful and dishonest has become out dated and inaccurate. Teenagers can use drugs and there are certainly individuals who do who are disrespectful and dishonest however this is more likely to do with an individual’s personality than their use or experimentation of drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The survey we conducted showed that most people believed it was more common for youths in the 14 to 22 age group to use recreational drugs. This was closely followed by the 23 to 30 age group, while the 13 and under age group was considerably further behind. The survey question that followed indicated that people also believed that drug users were irresponsible and inconsiderate. This slightly supports the misconception that teens are more likely to be involved with recreational drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasons why people choose to use drugs will differ from group to group. While for many the use of drugs serves as an escape from the stresses of everyday life for others it is exactly used as it is called for recreational purposes. People also take drugs to feel happy and relax. The major reason among is still believed to be that of peer pressure, often teens feel the need t... ...ociety we live in to regards drugs as acceptable but to what extent is this true. Society is not against what it can’t see. When people are dependant on a drug then their behaviour reveals to those around them what they are doing. This makes the world and society assume that all drugs and all drug users fit the typical stereotype. When someone is addicted to drugs society may not be directly affected but are very affected in the long run. The most direct way society is affected by drugs and their users is through the employment and criminal statistics. Employment is very much a problem for an addicted person and statistics show people desperate for drugs can commit crimes in order to get money to support their habit. This disrupts the whole idea of social cohesion only making chaos and producing prejudice attitudes. So just how are drugs affecting society. They affect society by overtaking the users life and the user therefore neglects their responsibilities of the society in which they live and breaching the acceptable standards of behaviours. Recreational drugs are a serious issue that must be dealt with help society progress further for the benefit of the next generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drugs in Our Society Essay -- Drug Drugs Narcotics Essays Drugs in Our Society With the use of drugs being such a controversial issue in today’s society we felt as a group it was important to further explore this issue. As we possess a high interest in how drugs affect a number of social groups. These groups of course range from young teens to high-class older individuals who will have different reasons and different acceptable standards of behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question that is being explored in our presentation asks what drugs are doing to our society. This means exploring the various groups that use recreational drugs their reasons for this the effects that drug use has and the methods to help prevent and stop use of drugs. By recreational drugs we mean such substances as marijuana and heavier more addictive drugs as heroin and cocaine. For which the use of these has increased throughout society over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recreational drugs are not limited to any particular group in society meaning that a very wide variety of people choose to use these drugs these of course include teenagers, parents, business people and often very dedicated students for a number of reasons. For a long time the common misconception that only youths use drugs and those who do are disrespectful and dishonest has become out dated and inaccurate. Teenagers can use drugs and there are certainly individuals who do who are disrespectful and dishonest however this is more likely to do with an individual’s personality than their use or experimentation of drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The survey we conducted showed that most people believed it was more common for youths in the 14 to 22 age group to use recreational drugs. This was closely followed by the 23 to 30 age group, while the 13 and under age group was considerably further behind. The survey question that followed indicated that people also believed that drug users were irresponsible and inconsiderate. This slightly supports the misconception that teens are more likely to be involved with recreational drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasons why people choose to use drugs will differ from group to group. While for many the use of drugs serves as an escape from the stresses of everyday life for others it is exactly used as it is called for recreational purposes. People also take drugs to feel happy and relax. The major reason among is still believed to be that of peer pressure, often teens feel the need t... ...ociety we live in to regards drugs as acceptable but to what extent is this true. Society is not against what it can’t see. When people are dependant on a drug then their behaviour reveals to those around them what they are doing. This makes the world and society assume that all drugs and all drug users fit the typical stereotype. When someone is addicted to drugs society may not be directly affected but are very affected in the long run. The most direct way society is affected by drugs and their users is through the employment and criminal statistics. Employment is very much a problem for an addicted person and statistics show people desperate for drugs can commit crimes in order to get money to support their habit. This disrupts the whole idea of social cohesion only making chaos and producing prejudice attitudes. So just how are drugs affecting society. They affect society by overtaking the users life and the user therefore neglects their responsibilities of the society in which they live and breaching the acceptable standards of behaviours. Recreational drugs are a serious issue that must be dealt with help society progress further for the benefit of the next generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚